Excerpt from a published article, run through Quillbot:

A. Original Article:

• “What’s So Funny? The Science of Why We Laugh”
• Author: Giovanni Sabato
• Journal: Scientific American
• Date: June 26, 2019

B. Excerpt (original passage) from Sabato’s article:

McGraw and Warren’s hypothesis derives from the theory of incongruity, but it goes deeper. Humor results, they propose, when a person simultaneously recognizes both that an ethical, social or physical norm has been violated and that this violation is not very offensive, reprehensible or upsetting. Hence, someone who judges a violation as no big deal will be amused, whereas someone who finds it scandalous, disgusting or simply uninteresting will not.

Experimental findings from studies conducted by McGraw and Warren corroborate the hypothesis. Consider, for example, the story of a church that recruits the faithful by entering into a raffle for an SUV anyone who joins in the next six months. Study participants all judged the situation to be incongruous, but only nonbelievers readily laughed at it.

C. The above passage run through Quillbot Premium (“Creative” mode):

The hypothesis proposed by McGraw and Warren expands upon the theory of incongruity. They argue that one experiences humor when they are aware of a violation of an ethical, social, or physical norm but do not find the violation to be particularly offensive, reprehensible, or upsetting. That's why some people find breaking the rules funny while others find it scandalous, disgusting, or just plain boring.

McGraw and Warren's experimental results are consistent with the hypothesis. Take the example of a church that offers a chance to win an SUV to anyone who signs up for membership within the next six months. All of the people in the study agreed that something was amiss, but only the agnostics openly found humor in it.

D. Alternate Routes to Avoid Plagiarism

• Paraphrase the original passage in your own words and include in-text citations. (See the Paraphrasing Mishaps section below for more information.)
  • In the Scientific American article “What’s So Funny? The Science of Why We Laugh,” author Giovanni Sabato refers to a study published in Psychological Science in 2010 by A. Peter McGraw and Caleb Warren. McGraw and Warren’s theory, based on the theory of incongruity, is called “benign violation.” Their research confirms the hypothesis that if someone is offended by the violation of a social norm, then they will not find it humorous. On the other hand, the theory states that if someone considers a violation to be harmless, then they will find it funny. The study used the example of a church trying to recruit people by raffling an SUV to new members. Participants agreed that this was incongruous, but only the nonreligious participants laughed at the story (Sabato).
• Add your own commentary or example after the paraphrased information from the source.

This study shows that incongruity alone is not enough to explain what makes something funny. Just because something is unexpected, that doesn’t automatically make it humorous. For example, if a student walks into class to discover that the substitute teacher is their own mother, they will probably be somewhat mortified, but their classmates are likely to be amused by the unlikely situation because it doesn’t cause any discomfort to them.

Excerpt from another student’s essay, run through Quillbot:

Original Essay (written by another student):

Submitted in May 2022 in partial fulfillment of ENG 1010

Excerpt (passage from original essay):

Some people may argue that, although Remem’s perfect digital memory helps people get proper justice, it may be detrimental in other ways. They ask, Will people ever be able to forgive and forget what they did to them? Seeing as Remem records every moment of our lives that we can recall at any moment, would we ever be able to live down those times that hurt? And in short, yes. Even with organic memory, most will remember those times that really hurt. Whether someone insulted you, stabbed you in the back, whatever it may be, if it was bad enough, we never really forget. That’s why Remem doesn’t really affect that part of our lives. Remem offers you the chance to see things how they really are. If anything, it helps you in this regard. In the episode of Black Mirror, “The Entire History of You,” the main character, Liam, is faced with a difficult situation. He suspects his wife, Fi, is cheating on him. With the help of Remem, or the Grain, he was able to discover the truth. She was cheating on him, and he was done with her. Without this, he would have been played like a fiddle and Fi would have gotten away with her wrong doings.

The above passage run through Quillbot Premium (“Creative” mode):

Even if Remem's flawless digital memory helps people receive just compensation, some would claim that it has other negative effects. They query Will people ever be able to forget what they done to them and forgive them? Would we ever be able to move past those painful moments given that Remem captures every moment of our life that we may remember at any time? In a word, yeah. Most people will remember those painful moments even if they have organic memory. We never truly forget anything that was horrible enough, regardless of whether it was an insult or a backstab. Remem thus doesn't really have an impact on that aspect of our existence. You have the opportunity to perceive things for what they truly are using Remem. You benefit from it in this regard if anything. “The Entire History of You," a Black Mirror episode, shows Liam, the main character, is put in a challenging circumstance. Fi, his wife, is allegedly cheating on him, he believes. He was able to learn the truth with the aid of Remem, or the Grain. He was done with her since she had been unfaithful to him. Without it, Fi would have gotten away with her wrongdoing, and he would have been treated like a fiddle.

Alternate Routes to Avoid Plagiarism:

• If you are having trouble coming up with your own ideas to write about, make time to discuss the assignment one-on-one with your instructor, a Writing Center consultant, or a classmate.
• Try some brainstorming tools to help you generate your own ideas.

Example: The introductory paragraph of a student essay run through Grammarly Pro

Original Introduction (adapted from a submission by a student in ENG 1010 in Fall 2024):

A little bit of information on how Screen Time effected me bad starting in middle school like 8th. I was supposed to be in bed by a strict bed time which was to be in bed by 10:30 meaning tv, phone, etc everything turned off and I had to go to sleep around that time in which my dad gave me that strict bedtime. He would of came into my room sometimes even to make sure I was sleeping and not awake. But sometimes I would fake sleep and wait for my parents to actually be asleep so I can get up get on my phone and play any kinda games I want or watch any kinds of videos on my pone that I wanted to. So then of course I stayed up way too late didn’t get enough sleep and was always falling asleep in class or just not paying attention or even being on my phone in class scrolling instead of paying attention to the teacher. So yeah, Screen Time has been pretty out of control for me since day one when I got my first phone in middle school and even until now in college especially since I don’t have my mom or dad telling me to get off my phone and study or go to sleep.

The above introduction run through Grammarly Pro:

I would like to share a bit about how screen time has impacted me, starting in middle school, specifically in 8th grade. I was supposed to be in bed by 10:30 PM, which meant that all screens—TV, phone, etc.—were supposed to be turned off. My dad enforced a strict bedtime, and sometimes he would check on me to ensure I was actually sleeping and not awake. However, there were times when I would fake being asleep and wait for my parents to go to bed so I could sneak out and use my phone. I played games or watched videos late into the night. This, of course, led to me staying up far too late, resulting in not getting enough sleep. As a result, I often found myself falling asleep in class or distractedly scrolling through my phone instead of paying attention to the teacher. This behavior contributed to poor academic performance and a constant sense of tiredness. Fortunately, I've learned from these experiences and now have strategies in place to manage my screen time. I set specific times for phone use and prioritize sleep. Overall, my screen time has been quite out of control since I got my first phone in middle school, and it continues to be a challenge now that I'm in college, especially since I no longer have my parents reminding me to put my phone down and focus on studying or getting enough sleep.

Alternative Routes to Avoid Plagiarism:

• Stick to the free version of Grammarly or the standard spelling and grammar checking tools available on Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
• Plan ahead so you have time to work with your instructor or a Writing Center consultant to revise your rough draft in order to develop your ideas further and improve your writing style while still maintaining your own unique voice as a writer.

Source:

Coontz, Stephanie. Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. Penguin, 2005.

Original Passage:

But basing marriage on love and companionship represented a break with thousands of years of tradition.

Incorrect:

Before the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage, many social conservatives said it would be a threat to traditional marriage, but the very notion of traditional marriage implies that the concept of marriage has remained unchanged until recently. Basing marriage on love and companionship represented a break with thousands of years of tradition, so legalizing same-sex marriage wasn’t the first time that our definition of marriage changed in recent history.

Correct:

Before the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage, many social conservatives said it would be a threat to traditional marriage. The very notion of traditional marriage implies that the concept of marriage has remained unchanged until recently; however, according to Stephanie Coontz, Professor of History and Family Studies at Evergreen State College, “basing marriage on love and companionship represented a break with thousands of years of tradition” (149). This historical context is an important reminder that the social construct of marriage has undergone significant recent changes even before the legalization of same-sex marriage.

Source:

Sabato, Giovanni. “What’s So Funny? The Science of Why We Laugh.” Scientific American, 26 June 2019, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/whats-so-funny-the-science-of-why-we-laugh/. Accessed 22 April 2022.

Original Text:

The 18th century gave rise to the theory of release. The best-known version, formulated later by Sigmund Freud, held that laughter allows people to let off steam or release pent-up nervous energy. According to Freud, this process explains why tabooed scatological and sexual themes and jokes that broach thorny social and ethnic topics can amuse us.

“Copy and Paste” Plagiarism:

There are many theories about why we laugh. The 18th century gave rise to the theory of release. The best-known version, formulated later by Sigmund Freud, held that laughter allows people to let off steam or release pent-up nervous energy. According to Freud, this process explains why tabooed scatological and sexual themes and jokes that broach thorny social and ethnic topics can amuse us.

Proper Integration of Source Material:

The hilarious nature of Pete Davidson’s reflections on Kanye West can be explained by the Theory of Release – a phenomenon which allows this gifted comedian to explore taboo topics. As a writer for Scientific American observes, it was Freud who first proposed the Theory of Release to explain why “sexual themes and jokes that broach thorny social and ethnic topics can amuse us” (Sabato). After all, poking fun at mental illness would be considered inappropriate in most contexts, but it’s precisely the taboo nature of such claims, not to mention Davidson’s self-deprecating humor, which provokes laughter from the audience.

Source:

Upshur, Jiu-Hwa, Lo. “Hundred Flowers Campaign.” World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set, edited by Facts on File, 1st ed., Facts On File, 2016. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NTgwNzI0?aid=19198.

Original Text:

The leaders of the CCP were, however, unprepared for the extent and bitterness of the criticism by writers, scientists, and social scientists. In July 1957 Mao reversed himself, stating that intellectual freedom was only permissible if it strengthened socialism. He denounced those who had spoken out in the Hundred Flowers campaign as “rightists,” “counter-revolutionaries,” and “poisonous weeds.” Many senior CCP leaders had never endorsed the campaign and supported the crackdown. By the end of the year the anti-rightist campaign was in full swing, and more than 300,000 intellectuals had been condemned and sent to jail or labor camps, humiliated by public denunciations, and forced to make confessions. Their careers were ended. Countless bright students and young cadres never got a chance for a career as a result of their participation. Some were executed. The swing of the pendulum to severe repression was sharp and unrelenting. It reflected the insecurity of the CCP leaders and their fear of freedom.

“Copy and Paste” Plagiarism:

In 1956, after collectivizing industry and agriculture, Mao Zedong launched the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The purpose of the campaign was to strengthen the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by allowing intellectuals to criticize deficiencies within its leadership. Mao believed that allowing and supporting the direct involvement of China’s intellectuals would secure their support for the CCP. However, leaders of the CCP were unprepared for the extent and bitterness of the criticism by writers, scientists, and social scientists. What followed was a crackdown on dissent, and more than 300,000 intellectuals had been condemned and sent to jail or labor camps, humiliated by public denunciations, and forced to make confessions. The tragedy of the Hundred Flowers Campaign was that it was devised as a way to strengthen socialism, but ultimately decimated the ranks of intellectuals who were trying to do so. Rather than make a better Chinese Communist Party, the Hundred Flowers campaign only ruined thousands of lives (Upshur).

The green text in the incorrect passage is directly quoted from the bold text in the original passage. Either quotation marks need to be added, or the passages need to paraphrased.

Proper Integration of Source Material:

In 1956, after collectivizing industry and agriculture, Mao Zedong launched the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The purpose of the campaign was to strengthen the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by allowing intellectuals to criticize deficiencies within its leadership. Mao believed that allowing and supporting the direct involvement of China’s intellectuals would secure their support for the CCP. However, the sheer volume of criticism and dissent went far beyond what Mao could have anticipated. The press, along with thousands of students and intellectuals, delivered comments ranging from constructive to accusatory. What followed was a crackdown on dissent. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced to confess to criticizing the CCP, were publicly shamed for doing so, or were sent to labor camps. The tragedy of the Hundred Flowers Campaign was that it was devised as a way to strengthen socialism, but ultimately decimated the ranks of intellectuals who were trying to do so. Rather than make a better Chinese Communist Party, the Hundred Flowers campaign only ruined thousands of lives (Upshur).

Source:

“Fact Sheet: Single Use Plastics.” Earthday.org, https://www.earthday.org/fact-sheet-single-use-plastics/. Accessed 4 Oct. 2023.

Original Text:

In 2017, packaging production constituted the highest-demanded use for plastic, with 146 million metric tons used.

“Copy and Paste” Plagiarism:

Most Americans would be surprised to learn which industrial sector produces the most single-use plastic waste. Many would guess the construction sector or the textile industry, but in 2017, packaging production constituted the highest-demanded use for plastic, with 146 million metric tons used.

Proper Integration of Source Material:

Most Americans would be surprised to learn which industrial sector produces the most single-use plastic waste. Many would guess the construction sector or the textile industry, but according to Earthday.org’s 2022 fact sheet on single use plastics, “In 2017, packaging production constituted the highest-demanded use for plastic, with 146 million metric tons used.” When one considers the vast quantity of plastic bags, bubble-lined mailers and/or plastic “air pillows” that Amazon’s 100+ warehouses distribute each day, the reality becomes clear. E-commerce sales surged during the pandemic, but many Americans have retained their online retail habits, dealing a heavy blow to the environment.

Source 1:

Ray, Rayshawn et al. “Homeownership, racial segregation, and policy solutions to racial wealth equity.” Brookings. 1 September 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/homeownership-racial-segregation-and-policies-for-racial-wealth-equity/

Homeownership is often viewed as the entree to the American dream and the gateway to intergenerational wealth. However, this pathway is often less achievable for Black Americans who post a homeownership rate of 46.4% compared to 75.8% of white families. . . . In 2016, white families posted the highest median family wealth at $171,000. Black families, in contrast, had a median family wealth of $17,600. Because wealth (as measured by the total amount of assets a person owns minus debts) is a critical predictor of education, health, employment, and other quality of life metrics, a strategy to maximize homeownership and home value is needed.

Source 2:

Mineo, Liz. “Racial wealth gap may be a key to other inequities.” The Harvard Gazette. 3 June 2021. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/06/racial-wealth-gap-may-be-a-key-to-other-inequities/

After the end of slavery and the failed Reconstruction, Jim Crow laws, which existed till the late 1960s, virtually ensured that Black Americans in the South would not be able to accumulate or to pass on wealth. And through the Great Migration and after, African Americans faced employment, housing, and educational discrimination across the country. After World War II many white veterans were able to take advantage of programs like the GI Bill to buy homes — the largest asset held by most American families — with low-interest loans, but lenders often unfairly turned down Black applicants, shutting those vets out of the benefit. . . . Redlining — typically the systemic denial of loans or insurance in predominantly minority areas — held down property values and hampered African American families’ ability to live where they chose.

Sample Paragraph 1: Without in-text citations in every sentence containing words or information from a source, readers would be unable to distinguish between the student’s own ideas and the evidence from the source.

In discussions of persistent racial inequality, understanding the difference between income and wealth is key. Income refers to the amount of money a person makes; for most working people, their primary source of income is their job. Wealth, on the other hand, refers to the financial value of what a person owns; most wealth for the average American comes from homeownership. However, as one writer for the Brookings Institute explains, “this pathway is often less achievable for Black Americans who post a homeownership rate of 46.4% compared to 75.8% of white families” (Ray et al.). It should therefore come as no surprise that the median wealth for white families is ten times higher than for Black families, or about $170,000 versus roughly $17,000 (Ray et al.). This startling wealth gap demonstrates the continued severity of racial inequality.

Sample Paragraph 2: In a paragraph that includes information from multiple sources, in-text citations for each source demonstrate the student’s ability to synthesize information.

While some might prefer to imagine that the racial discrimination of the past does not continue to harm people in the present, Black Americans have faced systemic racism throughout our country’s history that “virtually ensured that Black Americans . . . would not be able to accumulate or to pass on wealth” (Mineo). A large part of this racial wealth gap is due to historical and ongoing housing discrimination. “Homeownership is often viewed as the entree to the American dream and the gateway to intergenerational wealth. However, this pathway is often less achievable for Black Americans who post a homeownership rate of 46.4% compared to 75.8% of white families” (Ray et al.). One reason that Black Americans have a lower homeownership rate goes back to the G.I. Bill after World War II, which gave low-interest home loans to veterans; however, many Black veterans were denied these loans (Mineo). Another example of housing discrimination from the mid-twentieth century is redlining, “typically the systemic denial of loans or insurance in predominantly minority areas — held down property values and hampered African American families’ ability to live where they chose” (Mineo). For the average American, whose primary wealth is in the form of homeownership, housing discrimination is therefore a major factor in today’s racial wealth gap.

Source #1:

Anderson, Carol. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. Bloomsbury, 2017.

The Great Migration had been spurred initially by Northern industries' desperate need for labor. World War I, which began in August 1914, had exponentially increased orders for manufactured goods, guns, battleships, steel, etc.—while simultaneously reducing the traditional workforce of European immigrants responsible for producing those goods. The flow of immigrants dropped from more than 1.2 million in 1914 to just over 300,000 in 1915.14 Business leaders, looking for an untapped source of labor, soon realized that there was a vast pool of African Americans who previously had been shut out of the industrial workforce. Corporations like the Pennsylvania Railroad Company hired labor agents to go below the Mason-Dixon Line and convince black people to abandon Dixie and come north. For African Americans, this was a chance to escape, as Du Bois said, the "Hell" of the South.

Source #2:

The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “The Great Migration (1910-1970).” National Archives, 28 June 2021, https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration.

The Great Migration was one of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s. […]From World War I until World War II, it is estimated that about 2 million Black people left the South for other parts of the country. […]Within twenty years of World War II, a further 3 million Black people migrated throughout the United States.

Insufficient Citation:

Nearly 2 million African Americans fled the South between World War 1 and World War 2. In fact, the First World War was a driving factor behind the Great Migration. On one hand, American industry was suddenly facing a huge increase in demand. On the other, the flow of immigrants to the United States – a flow that would ordinarily mean factory workers – had slowed to a trickle. This perfect storm of industrial demand and worker scarcity forced northern industries to accept black workers at levels never before seen. This provided African Americans with an opportunity to flee the south in record numbers (Anderson). By the 1970s, almost six million African Americans journeyed to other parts of the U.S. in the hopes of securing a better life.

Correct Source Attribution:

Nearly 2 million African Americans fled the South between World War 1 and World War 2 (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration). Carol Anderson argues that the First World War was actually a driving factor behind the Great Migration. On one hand, American industry was suddenly facing a huge increase in demand. On the other, the flow of immigrants to the United States – a flow that would ordinarily mean factory workers – had slowed to a trickle. This perfect storm of industrial demand and worker scarcity forced northern industries to accept black workers at levels never before seen. This provided African Americans with an opportunity to flee the south in record numbers (42). In fact, between World War 1 and the 1970s, close to six million African Americans fled the South in the hopes of securing a better life in other parts of the U.S. (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration).

Source 1:

Sawyer, Wendy and Peter Wagner. “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie: 2023.” Prison Policy Initiative, 14 Mar. 2023, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html

The Quote: “It’s true that police, prosecutors, and judges continue to punish people harshly for nothing more than drug possession.”

Source 2:

“How Cutting Corrections Can Save Money and Protect Public Safety.” Justice Policy Institute, May 2009, https://justicepolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/09_05_rep_pruningprisons_ac_ps.pdf

The Quote: “Eighty-three percent of drug arrests are for possession of illegal drugs alone. And regardless of crime in a particular jurisdiction, police often target the same neighborhoods to make drug arrests, which can increase the disproportionate incarceration of people of color.”

Source 3:

DuVernay, Ava, director. 13th. Netflix, 2016

Incorrect:

Current research reveals an unsettling correlation between race and incarceration in America. As one popular documentary notes, America continues to inflict new wounds on the lingering scars of racism, in part by incarcerating a sizable percentage of the Black community, many for non-violent drug offenses.

No quotation marks are needed, as the writer paraphrases the original text, but the in-text citation is missing.

Correct:

Current research reveals an unsettling correlation between race and incarceration in America. As one popular documentary notes, America continues to inflict new wounds on the lingering scars of racism, in part by incarcerating a sizable percentage of the Black community, many for non-violent drug offenses (DuVernay).

Incorrect:

Indeed, one in five incarcerated Americans (roughly 350,000 of the 1.9 million American prisoners) is serving time for a drug offense.

No quotation marks are needed, as the writer paraphrases the original text, but the in-text citation is missing.

Correct:

Indeed, one in five incarcerated Americans (roughly 350,000 of the 1.9 million American prisoners) is serving time for a drug offense (Sawyer and Wagner).

Incorrect:

Some believe that most of those prisoners just happened to be in possession of drugs while engaged in a violent act. However, police, prosecutors, and judges continue to punish people harshly for nothing more than drug possession (Sawyer and Wagner).

Includes an in-text citation, but it’s missing quotation marks around the direct quote.

Correct:

Some believe that most of those prisoners just happened to be in possession of drugs while engaged in a violent act. However, the Prison Policy Institute’s recent investigation of non-violent drug offenses disputes this theory with a rather startling conclusion: “It’s true that police, prosecutors, and judges continue to punish people harshly for nothing more than drug possession” (Sawyer and Wagner).

Incorrect:

In its own analysis of FBI data, a national non-profit organization corroborates this finding while underscoring the vulnerability of Black Americans: “Eighty-three percent of drug arrests are for possession of illegal drugs alone. And regardless of crime in a particular jurisdiction, police often target the same neighborhoods to make drug arrests, which can increase the disproportionate incarceration of people of color.” Based on such data, can we really conclude that racial discrimination is a thing of the past? Or might the arrest and sentencing practices within our modern-day War on Drugs reveal lingering racist undercurrents?

Uses quotation marks, but it’s missing the in-text citation.

Correct:

In its own analysis of FBI data, the Justice Policy Institute, a national non-profit organization, corroborates this finding while underscoring the vulnerability of Black Americans: “Eighty-three percent of drug arrests are for possession of illegal drugs alone. And regardless of crime in a particular jurisdiction, police often target the same neighborhoods to make drug arrests, which can increase the disproportionate incarceration of people of color” (Justice Policy Institute). Based on such data, can we really conclude that racial discrimination is a thing of the past? Or might the arrest and sentencing practices within our modern-day War on Drugs reveal lingering racist undercurrents?

Full Paragraph [Correct]:

Current research reveals an unsettling correlation between race and incarceration in America. As one popular documentary notes, America continues to inflict new wounds on the lingering scars of racism, in part by incarcerating a sizable percentage of the Black community, many for non-violent drug offenses (DuVernay). Indeed, one in five incarcerated Americans (roughly 350,000 of the 1.9 million American prisoners) is serving time for a drug offense (Sawyer and Wagner). Some believe that most of those prisoners just happened to be in possession of drugs while engaged in a violent act. However, the Prison Policy Institute’s recent investigation of non-violent drug offenses disputes this theory with a rather startling conclusion: “It’s true that police, prosecutors, and judges continue to punish people harshly for nothing more than drug possession” (Sawyer and Wagner). In its own analysis of FBI data, the Justice Policy Institute, a national non-profit organization, corroborates such finding while underscoring the vulnerability of Black Americans: “Eighty-three percent of drug arrests are for possession of illegal drugs alone. And regardless of crime in a particular jurisdiction, police often target the same neighborhoods to make drug arrests, which can increase the disproportionate incarceration of people of color” (Justice Policy Institute). Based on this data, can we really conclude that racial discrimination is a thing of the past? Or might the arrest and sentencing practices within our modern-day War on Drugs reveal lingering racist undercurrents?

Source:

Gilpin, Lyndsey. “Native American women still have the highest rates of rape and assault.” High Country News. 7 June 2016. https://www.hcn.org/articles/tribal-affairs-why-native-american-women-still-have-the-highest-rates-of-rape-and-assault

Original:

A new Department of Justice study shows that of over 2,000 women surveyed, 84 percent of Native American and Alaskan Native women have experienced violence, 56 percent have experienced sexual violence, and, of that second group, over 90 percent have experienced violence at the hands of a non-tribal member. Most women reported they were concerned for their safety, and around half said they had experienced physical violence like pushing, shoving, or being beaten. Over 60 percent had experienced psychological aggression or coercive control. Experts say these record numbers still underestimate the number of women affected by violence, and the infrastructure for women to report and handle incidents is underfunded.

Incorrect:

According to a survey of over 2,000 Native American women by the Department of Justice, a vast majority (84 percent) have been victims of violence, and over half (56 percent) are sexual abuse survivors. More than 90 percent of the sexual violence was perpetrated by someone who was not a member of a tribe. The majority of the women surveyed said they feel unsafe, a rational fear considering that around half of them “had experienced physical violence like pushing, shoving, or being beaten.” Psychologically damaging acts of control and aggression were also common experiences. Despite having the highest rates of abuse on record, experts warn that these statistics are still an underestimate because there isn’t enough funding to create the programs needed for women to report the abuses or to find support (Gilpin).

Since the entire passage is information from the source, an in-text citation should be included in the first sentence as well as the last sentence.

Correct:

Lyndsey Gilpin reports on a survey of over 2,000 Native American women by the Department of Justice, according to which a vast majority (84 percent) have been victims of violence, and over half (56 percent) are sexual abuse survivors. More than 90 percent of the sexual violence was perpetrated by someone who was not a member of a tribe. The majority of the women surveyed said they feel unsafe, a rational fear considering that around half of them “had experienced physical violence like pushing, shoving, or being beaten” (Gilpin). Psychologically damaging acts of control and aggression were also common experiences. Despite having the highest rates of abuse on record, experts warn that these statistics are still an underestimate because there isn’t enough funding to create the programs needed for women to report the abuses or to find support (Gilpin).

Source:

Solomon, Andrew. “What Happens When You’re Disabled but Nobody Can Tell.” The New York Times. 10 July 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/style/invisible-disabilities.html

Original Passage:

The word “disability” evokes images of ramps, lower-positioned urinals, grab bars and other allowances in our architectural landscape. But an untold number of people have disabilities — from A.D.H.D. to addictive disorder to lupus — that aren’t necessarily helped by a designated parking spot. A person who walks with a limp but uses no physical support may be jostled on the street like anyone else. An autistic person, or a person with a mental illness, will often be disdained or even assailed for peculiar or antisocial behavior. Invisible disabilities can be easier in some ways than physically evident ones, but they can, equally, be more difficult. They have the advantages and disadvantages of secrecy.

Incorrect:

The idea of disability makes us think of ramps, lower-positioned urinals, grab bars and other architectural allowances. But an uncounted number of people have disabilities such as A.D.H.D., addiction, or lupus that aren’t helped by a closer parking spot. Someone who walks with a limp but doesn’t use a cane could still be jostled on the street. Someone with autism or mental illness could be disdained or attacked for strange or antisocial behavior. These invisible disabilities might seem easier than physically obvious ones, but they can also be harder. Having a secret disability comes with both advantages and disadvantages (Solomon).

This version is incorrect for two reasons: 1) The wording is too close to the original source, and 2) There is no in-text citation until the last sentence.

Correct:

Andrew Solomon writes about the misunderstood phenomenon of invisible disabilities. We think of disabilities as physical disorders that can be addressed with accommodations such as ramps that have become commonplace, but those accessibility measures don’t help all disabled people. While something like mental illness might seem less debilitating than a physical disability, less obvious disabilities such as autism can result in stigma when observers don’t understand why someone might not be acting in a socially acceptable manner (Solomon).

Source:

Parker, Kim, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Rich Moran, and Mark Hugo Lopez. “Multiracial in America: Proud, Diverse and Growing in Numbers.” Pew Research Center. 11 June 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/06/11/multiracial-in-america/

Original:

Overall, biracial adults who are both white and black are three times as likely to say they have a lot in common with people who are black than they do with whites (58% vs. 19%). They also feel more accepted by blacks than by whites (58% vs. 25% say they are accepted “very well”) and report having far more contact with their black relatives: 69% say they’ve had a lot of contact with family members who are black over the course of their lives, while just 21% report similar levels of contact with their white relatives. About four-in-ten (41%) say they have had no contact with family members who are white.

Incorrect:

Mostly, biracial people who are black and white say three times as often that they have more in common with black people than white people, and they feel more accepted by blacks than whites. 69% say they’ve had a lot of contact with black family members throughout their lives, while only 21% say they have similar contact with white relatives. Around four-in-ten say that haven’t had any contact with white family members (Parker et. al).

This version is incorrect for two reasons: 1) The wording is too close to the original source, and 2) There is no in-text citation until the last sentence.

Correct:

According to Parker et. al at the Pew Research Center, biracial adults who identify as black as well as white feel a lot more connected to the black part of their identity than to the white part. These individuals experience a greater sense of acceptance from black people than from white people and are more in touch with their black family members than their white relatives (69% versus 21%). A little over forty percent say they aren’t in touch at all with any of their white relatives (Parker et. al).

Source:

Feffer, Andrew. "Gentrification." Encyclopedia of American Urban History, edited by David Goldfield, Sage Publications, 1st edition, 2007. Credo Reference, https://libauth.tri-c.edu:2048/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageauh/gentrification/0?institutionId=4776. Accessed 24 Feb. 2023.

Original:

Recent studies based on analyses of national housing and census data, while less than conclusive, have nonetheless been touted in the press as definitive contrary evidence that the poor experience little hardship and possibly some benefits from gentrification. Surprisingly, there has been little advance in the tracking and surveying of displacees (the main weakness of the recent studies), who according to persistent qualitative evidence are forced into more expensive and remote housing or are doubling up with families and friends. And, as urbanist Peter Marcuse long ago pointed out, displacement has never simply been a matter of who leaves at that last minute before the gentrifiers move in. Rather, it is a long-term process of conversion that includes disinvestment, abandonment, demolition, and reconstruction and in which preferential housing and locational options are eventually shifted from the poor to the wealthy. That gentrifiers tend to be white, while the former occupants of gentrifying communities in many American cities have tended to be disproportionately people of color, has added a racial dimension to the class tensions emerging over the control of urban space.

Word Swap Plagiarism:

Recent studies that have analyzed national housing and census data have been hyped in the press as solid evidence that the poor experience little adversity and maybe some benefits with gentrification. There has been little done to follow displaced poor people who get forced into pricier or farther away housing or move in with families or friends. Displacement has never just been a case of who leaves right before the gentrifiers swoop in. It is a long-term process that includes withdrawing, abandoning, demolishing, and rebuilding where housing changes from poor to rich. The fact that gentrifiers are usually white, and the people who used to live in gentrified neighborhoods were people of color has contributed a racial aspect to the class strains developing over the control of cities.

The bold and underlined passages are worded too closely to the bold and underlined passages in the original source.

Proper Integration of Source Material:

Gentrification may not adversely impact the occupants of poor neighborhoods to the extent previously assumed. Occupants may decide that a home is no longer worth putting money into. In some cases, they may decide that moving out and not dealing with the home is a smarter decision. Because the residents who usually move out those areas are people of color, there is often a racial connotation attached to gentrification, whether it is deserved or not (Feffer).

Source:

Carr, Nicholas. “Is Google Making Us Stupid? -- What the Internet is Doing to our Brains.” The Atlantic. July/August 2008. Web. 18 April 2016.

1. Carr’s Original Sentence (from above article):

I feel as though I’m always dragging my wayward brain back to the text. The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.

Incorrect paraphrasing (too close to Carr’s original sentence):

In explaining the effect the Internet has had on his brain, Carr observes that the deep reading he used to do naturally has become a struggle.

Correct (Carr’s exact words are placed inside quotation marks.):

In explaining the effect the Internet has had on his brain, Carr observes that “The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.”

2. Carr’s Original Sentence (from above article):

Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose. That’s rarely the case anymore. Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages.

Incorrect (Paraphrasing is too close to Carr’s original sentence.):

Carr expresses concern over a new phenomenon he has been experiencing – an inability to spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose.

Correct (Carr’s original words are sufficiently recast in the student’s own words.):

Carr expresses concern over a new phenomenon he has been experiencing – an inability to concentrate for an extended period of time or digest an in-depth, multi-page article.

3. Carr’s Original Sentence (from above article):

And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles. Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.

Incorrect (Paraphrasing is too close to Carr’s original sentence.):

Carr fears that the Internet appears to be chipping away his capacity for concentration and contemplation because he now reads like a guy zipping along the surface on a Jet Ski instead of a scuba diver in the sea of words.

Correct (Some of Carr’s original words are placed in quotes and others are sufficiently recast in the student’s own words.):

Carr fears that the Internet appears to be “chipping away [his] capacity for concentration and contemplation” because he has become accustomed to absorbing information quickly, in fits and spurts, without taking time to thoughtfully consider it.

4. Carr’s Original Sentence (from above article):

Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text-messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. But it’s a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking. . . . Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.

Incorrect (Paraphrasing is too close to Carr’s original sentence.):

Although we might be reading more today than our parents and grandparents ever did, the nature of our reading is different which, in turn, makes our thinking different as well. We have become unable to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction.

Correct (Some of Carr’s original words are sufficiently recast in the student’s own words while others are placed in direct quotes.):

Car observes that although we might be reading more today than our parents and grandparents ever did, the nature of our reading is different which, in turn, makes our thinking different as well. Carr goes on to suggest that we have become unable to make “the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction.”